Metformin is a widely prescribed oral medication used primarily to manage type 2 diabetes. Its mechanism of action involves reducing glucose production in the liver, increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, and improving glucose uptake by muscles. Metformin also inhibits intestinal glucose absorption, contributing to its glucose-lowering effects. Beyond its role in diabetes management, research suggests that metformin may have potential benefits for longevity and age-related health conditions. Studies in animals and observational studies in humans have shown that metformin use is associated with reduced risk of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some hypothesize that metformin's ability to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to its potential longevity benefits. However, further research, including large-scale clinical trials, is needed to fully understand metformin's effects on longevity and its potential as an anti-aging intervention in humans.

Applications: Longevity benefits, Type 2 diabetes management, Weight loss support, Cancer prevention research

Dosage: 250-2000mg (higher doses 2-3x/day)

Recommended Source: [Prescription] Try Berberine alternatively (NOT a replacement for medical treatment)

Overconsumption: Gastrointestinal upset, Lactic acidosis (rare), Vitamin B12 deficiency

Contraindications: Optimal athletic performance (may slightly blunt adaptations), Kidney disease, Liver disease, Heart failure

Berberine is a compound derived from various plants, including goldenseal, barberry, and Oregon grape. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, particularly in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, for its potential health benefits. Berberine's mechanism of action involves multiple pathways, including activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates cellular energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, leading to improved glucose uptake and utilization. Additionally, berberine has been shown to inhibit inflammatory pathways and modulate gut microbiota composition, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects. Research suggests that berberine may offer several health benefits, including improved blood sugar control in diabetes, reduction of cholesterol levels, and support for weight loss efforts. Some studies also suggest potential benefits for cardiovascular health, liver function, and cognitive function. While more research is needed to fully understand berberine's mechanisms and efficacy, it shows promise as a natural remedy for various health conditions.

Applications: Blood sugar control, Cholesterol reduction, Weight loss support

Dosage: 250-2000mg (higher doses 2-3x/day)

Recommended Source: Berberine

Overconsumption: Gastrointestinal upset, Liver toxicity, Allergic reactions

Contraindications: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Low blood pressure

Rapamycin also known as sirolimus, is a medication originally developed as an immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. It works by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. By blocking mTOR, rapamycin suppresses the immune response and inhibits the proliferation of immune cells, helping to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. In recent years, rapamycin has garnered significant interest for its potential anti-aging effects. Studies in various model organisms, including mice and yeast, have shown that rapamycin can extend lifespan and delay age-related diseases by modulating cellular processes such as protein synthesis, autophagy, and metabolism. Research in humans is ongoing to explore rapamycin's potential as an anti-aging intervention and its effects on age-related conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. However, its use in healthy individuals for longevity purposes remains controversial due to potential side effects and concerns about long-term safety. Further research is needed to elucidate rapamycin's mechanisms of action and its potential benefits and risks for aging and age-related diseases.

Applications: Anti-aging potential, Organ rejection prevention, Cancer treatment investigation

Dosage: 3-10mg per week

Recommended Source: [Prescription] Try Niacin or Coenzyme Q10 alternatively (NOT a replacement for medical treatment)

Overconsumption: Immunosuppression, Increased infection risk, Mouth sores

Contraindications: Liver disease, Active infections, Allergies to rapamycin

Niacin also known as vitamin B3, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes within the body. It functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), coenzymes involved in cellular energy production, DNA repair, and metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Niacin also has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, as it can lower levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Its mechanisms of action include inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue, which reduces the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream, and inhibiting hepatic synthesis of VLDL cholesterol. Niacin is commonly used as a treatment for dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, as well as for preventing cardiovascular disease. However, high doses of niacin can cause side effects such as flushing, itching, and liver toxicity. Despite its therapeutic benefits, the use of niacin as a lipid-lowering agent has declined in recent years due to the availability of more effective and better-tolerated medications.

Applications: Dyslipidemia treatment, Cardiovascular disease prevention, Pellagra management

Dosage: 250-2000mg

Recommended Source: Niacin

Overconsumption: Flushing, Itching, Liver toxicity

Contraindications: Liver disease, Active peptic ulcer disease, Gout

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vital compound found in every cell of the body, serving as a crucial component in cellular energy production and antioxidant defense. Its primary function lies in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, where it helps generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's primary energy currency. CoQ10 also acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing harmful free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. Beyond its role in cellular energy production and antioxidant activity, CoQ10 has been associated with various health benefits, including cardiovascular support, improved exercise performance, and enhanced cognitive function. Additionally, research suggests that CoQ10 supplementation may contribute to longevity by supporting overall health and vitality, though further studies are needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms in promoting longevity.

Applications: Dyslipidemia treatment, Cardiovascular disease prevention, Pellagra management

Dosage: 60-600mg

Recommended Source: Coenzyme Q10

Overconsumption: Gastrointestinal discomfort, insomnia, allergic reactions

Contraindications: Potential interactions with medications, eg. blood thinners & chemotherapy